Assume that your 8 fish are going to grow. As they grow they will need a larger volume of water - the larger volume means that it will take longer for the fish to "pollute" their water. A good biological filter that turns over the water 12-15 times an hour, stuffed full of media for beneficial bacteria to colonate, will go a long way to keeping the water clean. If you really have a good, solid, large biological filter working, you will be able to get away with overstocking a tank. You will have to change the water in larger amounts, more often, though, to keep the nitrates under control.
In the winter, assuming your fish grow to at least 4 inches (6-8 in the first year is not uncommon) you will need to have at least 80 gallons total for those 8 fish. How you decide to distribute them is totally up to you. A couple of 30 gallon tubs with good filtration and loads of water changes will do, but will need careful monitoring to keep the water in order.
As far as the filters, generally when a filter says it is for "20-40" gallons or "10-15" gallons this is stated assuming the the buyer will be using the filter for tropical fish. Tropical fish are squeeky clean compared to the dirty little buggers that goldfish are! A goldfish can overwhelm a tank in a matter of hours if the filtration and cycle are not up to par. Instead of looking at the "Gallons" that is listed on a filter, look at the "gallons per hour" rating. You want
at least 10 times your gallon volume - 12-15 times is better. So for a 30 gallon tub, you should have at least 300 gph or 350-40gph. I use Emperor 400s on my 30 gallon tanks.
This filtration can come from multiple filters or from one larger one. You can still use the filters you have - just add more to them. It all works out well.
You can perhaps find better prices on the internet for filters and equipment - BigAls has some marvelous prices - about 1/2 what I see in the retail stores around here.
And, yes - one fish will keep a filter/tub cycled for you. The beneficial bacteria colony will grow to process the amount of waste of one fish. IF you were to suddenly add 4 large fish to the tub, it would take a few days for the colony to grow to the challenge, but it would do so in a very short amount of time. Another method is to hang an extra filter on your working tank/tub/pond. When you need to move a fish to the iso tub, just use the extra filter.