Bacteria, like many forms of life, can survive for a period with out sustanance - food and air being what these need. In a plastic bag, they will remain viable for about a week - give or take - depending on the size and robustness of the colony, the temperature, etc....
Floating a biowheel in the tank is, perhaps, the best alternative when you cannot have it wheeling freely in a filter. The bacteria that have colonated the wheel are the same bacteria that live in the biomedia, gravel and on every surface in the tank. There is oxygen in the water - that is why waterfall filters, air features and surface area of a tank are so important. Not only do the fish need the oxygen, but the beneficial bacteria use it in the nitrogen cycle.
If your wheel has been in a bag for a week, you can replace it. Even if part of the colony has died, there should be a few, if not a fair number, of bacteria left alive. These, once they are back in ideal conditions with "food" and oxygen, will reproduce and quickly grow a new colony to process your ammonia.