Goldfishlover, here is an excellent link on how to get some help in sexing goldfish....
http://www.kokosgoldfish.invisionzone.com/...showtopic=18264It isn't always easy, and some fish are easier to sex than others. If you look closely at the anal area of an adult fish, you can see a difference. The male goldfish has his anal area go more inwards, while the female's goes more outwards, kind of like small little hill. That is one way to tell, but not always visible.
Then there are the so called breeding stars on their gill plates and the first rows of their pectoral fins - kind of like white raised bumps it does feel when you go over it with your finger. If you see that on any of your fish, those are males. Just to let you know though, not all males develop those breeding stars.
When do goldfish breed? Well, spring time sure is a great time for that, when the water starts to warm up. But there are other triggers that can induce spawning - bigger water changes, swings in temperature, even things like full moons and low pressure systems. However, mostly spring and early summer is their favorite time of breeding.
When it comes to the size of fish, that is harder to tell. Some fish are really small, but are mature enough to spawn. It also depends on the breed. All in all, as a size reference, I'd guess that 3+ inches without their finnage is a nice size...