Correct me if I'm wrong but isn't the philodendron a terrestrial plant and therefore will survive underwater only for a short time before dying due to not being in its natural enironment? If that is true, perhaps that is your answer.
Regarding your other question, according to the ASPCA philodendrons are toxic. (
[I]Source.[/I[) Perhaps you were lucky the last time you had the plant in your tank as your fish did not eat it.