An airstone can be one of several different types of construct. The idea with all of them is that you attach an airpump through a hose to the airstone or bubble bar or bubble disk.
Air is blown by the air pump through the hose to the airstone where it is released into the tank in many bubble through the tiny holes in the stone or bar. These tiny bubbles rise to the surface of the tank, taking water with them as they rise. This helps move the water from the bottom of the tank to the surface of the tank, where it can pick up still more oxygen.
Fish need the oxygen incorporated into the water they live in so they can breathe. Warmer water holds less oxygen, so when we heat our tanks, we need to make sure that plenty of surface area is exposed and the tank water is circulated well so it has a chance to pick up loads of air.
Bubble bars, disks and stones also are real cool looking in a tank, you can get very creative with where and how you use them, and most goldies enjoy playing in the rising bubbles - like a carnival ride.